ASTRONOMY The Cassini spacecraft has revealed that there are at least three so-called “cryovolcanoes” on the surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, which spew out water or other volatiles instead of the red-hot molten rock as on Earth. As the surface temperature of Titan is -290 degrees F, water with a temperature slightly above zero will be comparatively very hot. The moon’s landscape is thought to be covered with a thick crust of ice floating atop water. How the liquid, which is denser, rises above the ice in the volcano is unknown;Titan is surrounded by a hazy layer that makes it nearly impossible to see the surface. Cassini used radar surveys combined with visual and infrared mapping. Flying above the Sotra Facula region, the spacecraft was also able to generate a video of the mountain range, including at least three volcanoes. Two of the volcanoes measure 3,280 feet and 4,920 feet in height; the other one was indicated by the presence of a pit whose crustal material appears to have been blown off. Active volcanic eruptions have not been detected, and so it remains only an assumption that they are spewing out water.